Important Points:
- When all the bits of HOST ID become 0 then this address is reserved as Network Address(This is the designation used in routing to send packets to a remote network).
- Network Addresses for CLASS A are 0xxxxxxx . 0 . 0 . 0 e.g 10.0.0.0
- Network Addresses for CLASS B are 10xxxxxx . xxxxxxxx . 0 . 0 e.g 172.16.0.0
- Network Addresses for CLASS C are 110xxxxx . xxxxxxxx . xxxxxxxx . 0 e.g 192.168.10.0
- When all the bits of HOST ID portion become 1 then this address is reserved as Broadcast Address(The address used by applications and Hosts to send information to all nodes on a network).
- Broadcast Addresses for CLASS A are 0xxxxxxx . 255 . 255 . 255 e.g 10.255.255.255
- Broadcast Addresses for CLASS B are 0xxxxxxx . xxxxxxxx . 255 . 255 e.g 172.16.255.255
- Broadcast Addresses for CLASS C are 0xxxxxxx . xxxxxxxx . xxxxxxxx . 255 e.g 192.168.255.255
- Every network has its Network Address and its own Broadcast Address.
- Valid range of Host per Net for-
- CLASS A = 2 power 24 - 2
- CLASS B = 2 power 16 - 2
- CLASS C = 2 power 8 - 2
- When all the bits of Network ID as well as Host ID become 0 then this address is reserved as the address for Default routing i.e 0.0.0.0
- The network of 127.0.0.1 is reserved as a Loopback Address i.e it is used to check whether Physical connection are doing work well or not by using PING 127.0.0.1 in Command Prompt(cmd).
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NOTE: The IP address 127.0.0.1 is used to test the IP stack on an individual node and cannot be used as a valid host address. However, the Loopback address creates a shortcut method for TCP/IP applications and services that run on the same device to communicate with each other.
- The network of 169.254.0.0 is reserved as APIPA( Automatic Private IP Address) Address i.e In Order to stop Broadcasting then these addresses automatically generated like in DHCP, if some host is requesting but DHCP(Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) sever is busy & client is continuously Broadcasting due to which Network Performance goes down & for that purpose APIPA addresses are automatically assigned.
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APIPA ADDRESS
- When all the bits of Network ID as well as HOST ID become 1 then this address is reserved as Global Broadcast Address i.e 255.255.255.255
- Subnetting :
- It is a process of dividing large network into smaller parts.
- We do subnetting in order to reduce thw wastage of IP addresses.
- Types: FLSM (Fixed Length Subnet Mask) & VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Mask)
- Supernetting/Route Summarization :
- It is a combination of multiple subnets or networks to form a single network.
- Types: Auto Route summarization & Manual Route Summarization.
- Unicast Address : A unicast is a single IP address that is assigned to a network interface card and would be the destination IP address in a packet i.e directing packets to a specific Host. A DHCP client request is a good example of How a unicast works.
- Multicast Address : Multicast allow point-to-multipoint communication. It works by sending messages or data to IP multicast group addresses. Routers then forward copies of the packet out to every interface that has hosts subscribed to that group address.
Made By : P & V
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